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Epithalon and NAD+ are among the most studied compounds in longevity research but operate through entirely distinct biological mechanisms. Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase enzyme activation, telomere elongation in cultured cells and pineal gland regulation. Its primary research focus is the telomere hypothesis of ageing — the observation that progressive telomere shortening limits cellular replicative capacity. NAD+ research focuses on a completely different hallmark of ageing: declining sirtuin activity and impaired DNA repair capacity due to falling NAD+ bioavailability with age. Sirtuins require NAD+ as a cofactor and regulate numerous longevity-associated pathways including mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammatory signalling and DNA damage response. Published research examining both compounds in longevity models has explored whether targeting multiple distinct hallmarks of ageing simultaneously produces additive effects. Epithalon and NAD+ are frequently studied together in anti-ageing research protocols precisely because their mechanisms do not overlap, potentially addressing different aspects of biological ageing concurrently.